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Temple Sinai (officially the First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland)〔 is a Reform synagogue located at 2808 Summit Street (28th and Webster Streets) in Oakland, California, United States. Founded in 1875, it is the oldest Jewish congregation in the East San Francisco Bay region.〔〔 Its early members included Gertrude Stein and Judah Leon Magnes, who studied at Temple Sinai's Sabbath school, and Ray Frank, who taught them. Originally traditional, the temple reformed its beliefs and practices under the leadership of Rabbi Marcus Friedlander (1893–1915). By 1914, it had become a Classical Reform congregation.〔〔〔 That year the current sanctuary was built: a Beaux-Arts structure designed by G. Albert Lansburgh, which is the oldest synagogue building in Oakland.〔 The congregation weathered four major financial crises by 1934. From then until 2011, it was led by just three rabbis, William Stern (1934–1965), Samuel Broude (1966–1989), and Steven Chester (1989–2011).〔〔 In 2006 Temple Sinai embarked on a $15 million capital campaign to construct an entirely new synagogue campus adjacent to its current sanctuary.〔 Groundbreaking took place in October 2007,〔 and by late 2009 the congregation had raised almost $12 million towards the construction.〔 As of 2015, Temple Sinai had nearly 1,000 member families.〔 The rabbis were Jacqueline Mates-Muchin and Yoni Regev, and the cantor was Ilene Keys.〔 The synagogue has two emeritus rabbis, Samuel Broude and Steven Chester. ==Early years== Founded in 1875 as the First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland, Temple Sinai is the oldest synagogue in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area.〔Olitzky and Raphael (1996), p. 54.〕〔Bibel (2009).〕 It grew out of Oakland's Hebrew Benevolent Society, which had been organized in 1862 by eighteen merchants and shopkeepers from several foreign countries—predominantly Polish Jews from Posen.〔See Olitzky and Raphael (1996), p. 54 and Rosenbaum (2009), p. 66.〕 Although Hebrew Benevolent Societies typically ceased operations upon the founding of a synagogue, Oakland's was unusual in continuing to function independently for a number of years (the two groups did not merge until 1881).〔Kahn (2002), p. 237.〕 By 1876, the congregation had purchased land on the south side of 14th and Webster streets; however, due to a severe recession in California at the time, the congregation did not construct a building until 1878.〔 The wooden structure, with Moorish Revival elements and onion domes, was completed at a cost of around $8,000 (today $).〔See Kahn (2002), p. 240, Isaac (2009), p. 15 and Rosenbaum (1976), p. 7.〕 Services were initially traditional, following the Polish rite. Men and women sat separately, but the ''mehitza'' separating them was soon done away with. In 1881 the new president, David Hirschberg, led a campaign to modernize, and convinced a small majority to introduce a number of reforms, including the addition of a mixed choir of Christians and Jews and organ music, and the removal of the requirement for a ''minyan''.〔 Traditionalists—who mostly came from the Hebrew Benevolent Society—objected and withdrew, forming their own Orthodox ''minyan'', which eventually became Oakland's Congregation Beth Jacob.〔Rosenbaum (2009), pp. 66–67.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Temple Sinai (Oakland, California)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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